دسته: آنتی بادیهای ایمونوهیستوشیمی

Caldesmon is a regulatory protein that interacts with actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin. It is found in smooth muscle and other tissues. Caldesmon is useful to distinguish smooth muscle and it is more specific than desmin and muscle specific actin. Caldesmon antibody is a marker to identify epitheloid mesothelioma and it can be used to differentiate uterus leiomyoma from endometrial stroma tumor.

CD21 (Cluster of Differentiation 21) is a transmembrane protein involved in the complement system. It is the complement receptor for C3d and the Epstein-Barr virus. This antibody recognizes follicular dendritic cells, mature marginal and mantle B-cells as well as neoplasms derived from follicular dendritic cells.

Keratins are cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins expressed by epithelial cells. Cytokeratin 14 is a type I keratin that is found in basal cells of squamous epithelia, some glandular epithelia, myoepithelium and mesothelial cells in various tissues including prostate and breast. A cocktail of CK14, its corresponding partner CK5 and p63 is useful to detect the basal-like phenotype of breast carcinoma and to differentiate normal and prostate cancer.

Anti-human antibody for immunohistochemical use. The primary antibody is intended for qualitative detection of antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. The antibody may be used manually or with any automated staining platform. Authorized and skilled personnel may only use the product. The clinical interpretation of any test results should be evaluated within the context of the patient’s medical history and other diagnostic laboratory test results. A qualified pathologist must perform evaluation.

CD45, also known as leucocyte common antigen, is a transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase, which is found in almost all hematolymphoid cells including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophage and granulocytes. This antibody recognizes hematolymphoid neoplasms/tumors, it is non-reactive with some lymphoid neoplasms like Hodgkin’s disease, some T-cell lymphoma and some leukemias.CD45 is an important marker in the primary tumor screening panel in order to identify hematolymphoid differentiation. Loss of CD45 in precursor B-cell neoplasmsis a negative prognostic parameter.

Cadherins are calcium dependent cell adhesion proteins that play a role in cell recognition and segregation, morphogenetic regulation, and tumor suppression. Cadherin 17 may have a role in the morphological organization of liver and intestine and may be involved in intestinal peptide transport. Expression is found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic duct.

Desmin is a muscle-specific intermediate filament protein type III and is found in the dense bodies of smooth muscle cells and in the Z-disk of striated muscles. Desmin connects the contractile apparatus to the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and organelles like nuclei. It also forms a scaffold around the myofibrillar Z-disk. It is useful in the detection of tumors with myoid origin and to differentiate mesothelioma from carcinoma.

GATA3 is a zinc finger protein regulating as transcription factor the development of various tissues and cell types, including early T cell development and development of mammary gland. Expression is found in breast epithelium, urothelial cells, and a subset of lymphocytes. Anti-GATA3may be used for identification of breast carcinoma or urothelial carcinoma.

Epidermal growth factor is a growth factor that stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase activating several signaling cascades. It is ubiquitously expressed and observed in tumors of head and neck, brain, bladder, stomach, breast, lung, endometrium, cervix, vulva, ovary, esophagus, stomach, and in squamous cell carcinoma. Overexpression of EGFR in tumors indicates poor prognosis.

ERG, also known as ETS related gene, is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors that play important roles in cell development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tissue remodeling. The antibody labels endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of ERG is associated with prostate cancer. Furthermore, the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion caused by translocations and interstitial deletions, is implicated in aggressive forms of prostate cancer. EWS-ERG, or EWS-Fli-1 fusion, is a characteristic of Ewing’s sarcoma.

E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that is important for epithelial cell adhesion. It maintains the structural and functional integrity of epithelial tissues. Reduced or aberrant E-cadherin expression breaks cell to cell contacts, and thus, cells acquire the ability to migrate. In normal tissues, E-cadherin is localized to the membrane of epithelial cells, consistent with its role in cell adhesion. In tumor tissues, E-cadherin stains positively in the glandular epithelium and adenocarcinomas of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and ovary. It has also been shown to be positive in some thyroid carcinomas. The antibody has been useful in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma. In combination with p120 or cytokeratin it involves the differentiation of ductal (E-cadherin positive) and lobular (E-cadherin negative) breast carcinoma. Several studies have reported that reduced E-cadherin expression is correlated with poor prognosis in several types of carcinomas.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein is an intermediate filament protein that is expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, GFAP is expressed in astrocytes and ependymal cells but not in other glial cells. However, immature oligodendrocytes and immature choroid plexus cells may be GFAP positive. In the peripheral nervous system enteric Schwann cells and satellite cells of human sensory ganglia express GFAP. Outside the nervous system, GFAP is seen in myoepithelial cells and chondroblasts, in the former coexpressed with cytokeratin, in the latter coexpressed with vimentin. Astrocytoma, ependymoma, glioblastoma, and oligodendroglioma are almost always positive. Plexus carcinoma, ganglioglioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNET: neuroblastoma a.o.) express GFAP to a varying extent. Schwannoma and neurofibroma frequently express GFAP. Chondroma, chondrosarcoma and pleomorphic adenoma are also GFAP positive in most cases. A few carcinomas (especially from lung and breast) may express GFAP. in paraganglioma GFAP may be detected in sustentacular cells. This marker is mainly used to distinguish neoplasms of astrocytic origin from other neoplasms in the central nervous system.