دسته: آنتی بادیهای ایمونوهیستوشیمی

Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a memer of glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are anchored to the cell-surface via a covalent linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Glypicans can modify cell signaling pathways and contribute to cellular proliferation and tissue growth. Glypican 3 is a useful tumor marker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, melanoma, testicular germ cell tumors, and Wilms tumor.

Her2/Neu is a member of human epidermal growth factor family and encodes for a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in signal paths of growth factors.
Her2/Neu activation occurs in various tumors, mostly through gene amplification which results in high level overexpression. Her2/Neu amplification and overexpression is particularly common in breast cancer but can – at lower frequency – also occur in many other tumor entities. Numerous studies have demonstrated the prognostic relevance of Her2/Neu, which is overexpressed in 10% to 40% of human breast tumors.

HSP70 is a heat shock protein of 70kDa. It prevents aggregation of other proteins in conjunction with other heat shock proteins and mediates folding of new proteins during synthesis.

Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 1 (IRTA1) is a surface B-cell receptor related to Fc receptors, inhibitory receptor superfamily (IRS) and a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) family member. It is expressed by B cells near to glandular epithelium in the tonsil and Peyer patches and by monocytoid B cells. In lymphomas it is expressed by tumor cells involved in lymho-epithelial lesions.
Anti-IRTA1 is suitable for detection of marginalzone lymphomas in lymph nodes and extranodal locations.

Inhibin down regulates FSH synthesis and inhibits FSH secretion. This antibody recognizes a protein of 32 kDa which is identified as Inhibin alpha. It helps in the differentiation between adrenal cortical tumors and renal cell carcinoma and it detects sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary as well as trophoblastc tumors.

Immunoglobulin G is the most abundant antibody isotype found in the circulation. Human IgG4, one of four subclasses of IgG, contains a gamma 4 heavy chain and a hinge region that is shorter than that of IgG1. The two primary effector functions are activating complements and binding to the FcgR of effector cells to initiate phagocytosis. Human IgG4 accounts for less than 6 % of the total IgG serum level. IgG4-related sclerosing disease has been recognized as a systemic disease entity characterized by an elevated serum IgG4 level, sclerosing fibrosis, and diffuse lympho-plasmacytic infiltration with the presence of many IgG4-positive plasma cells. IgG4 is overexpressed in inflammatory pseudo-tumor (IPT) and under expressed in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT). In pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (PNLH), there are an increased number of IgG4+ plasma cells.

B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins consisting of two identical heavy chains and either two identical kappa light chains or lambda light chains. Normal lymphoid tissues therefore contain a mixture of B cells that express kappa and lambda light chains in a ratio of 2:1. This ratio is lost in tumors of B cell origin as they arise from one transformed cell, and thus only one type of light chain is expressed. The monoclonality of malignant lymphoma is used as diagnostic marker in detection with lambda light chain antibody.
This antibody labels lambda light chains of human immunoglobulins expressed by B lymphocytes and plasma cells. It may be helpful in detection of leukemia, plasmacytoma and various non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Other cells may also express lambda light chains resulting from non-specific immunoglobulin uptake. Lambda light chain antibody may be used in a panel with kappa light chain.

 Calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins are a family of lectins which share structural homology in their high-affinity carbohydrate-binding domain. Proteins of the CLEC superfamily function in a variety of biological processes, including cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, glycoprotein turnover, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response to pathogens. CLEC4K/Langerin is a type II membrane associated receptor expressed exclusively by Langerhans cells, in astrocytoma, malignant ependymoma, but not in normal brain tissues. It recognizes mannose residues, induces membrane superimposition and zippering leading to formation of Birbeck granules. Defects in CLEC4K cause Birbeck granule deficiency, a condition characterized by the absence of Birbeck granules in epidermal Langerhans cells.

Melan A (A103), also known as MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1), is an important immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of maglignant melanoma. The protein is expressed on the surface of melanocytes and is located in normal skin, retina and nevi.

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system consists of four major proteins called MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. These proteins work two by two, MLH1 with PMS2 and MSH2 with MSH6. Loss of function of one of the four proteins leads to inactivation of the MMR system, resulting in a loss of fidelity of the replication and an accumulation of mutations thereby leading to microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome), which is characterized by the development of colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer and various other tumors at early age.
Loss of MSH6 function due to gene mutation or epigenetic changes is characterized by absence of nuclear expression in neoplastic cells, whereas intact nuclear MSH6 expression indicates normal MSH6 function and no gene mutations. MSH6 is normally expressed in most cases of sporadic colorectal cancer, loss of MSH6 expression is found in 2-16%.
Anti-MSH6 is useful in detection of MSI, especially in a panel with MSH2 (QR010), PMS2 (QR009) and MLH1 (QM003).

Mammaglobin is a 10 kDa glycoprotein that is associated to breast. A correlation between increased expression of mammaglobin gene and breast cancer has been reported.

Myeloperoxidase is a peroxidase enzyme. This antibody detects granulocytes and monocytes in blood and precursors of granulocytes in the bone marrow. In normal tissues and in a variety of myeloproliferative disorders myeloid cells of both neutrophilic and eosinophilic types, at all stages of maturation, exhibit strong cytoplasmic reactivity for MPO. Erythroid precursors, megakaryocytes, lymphoid cells, mast cells, and plasma cells are nonreactive. MPO is not observed in the neoplastic cells of a wide variety of epithelial tumors and sarcomas. MPO is useful in differentiating between myeloid and lymphoid leukemias.