دسته: مونوکلونال

Progesterone receptor (PR) is a nuclear hormone receptor that activates transcription of various genes, especially in reproductive tissues, regulated by its ligand progesterone. PR is predominantly expressed in female sex steroid responsive tissues such as the mammary gland, uterus and ovary. Two isoforms exist: PR-A (94 kDa) and PR-B (114 kDa). Ratio of these isoforms varies in reproductive tissues and during carcinogenesis. PR is expressed in about 65-75% of breast carcinomas. The expression of PR is usually closely linked to the expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), as both receptors are hormonally regulated. PR-positive status is often used as an indicator for a better prognosis and a better response to hormone therapies.

PAX8 is a member of the PAX family (Paired Box) of transcription factors. It is vital for organogenesis during the embryonic development of the kidneys, Müller organs and thyroid. Due to the restrictive expression in normal tissues, PAX8 is a sensitive and specific marker for primary tumors as well as for metastatic tumors from the above-mentioned organs and tissues. PAX8 is expressed in thyroid carcinoma (~90%), endometrial carcinoma (84-98%), ovarian carcinoma (71 99%) and renal cell carcinoma (~90%).

Anti-human antibody for in vitro diagnostic use. The primary antibody is intended for the qualitative detection of associated antigens as listed in the section ‘Summary and explanation’. It is intended to be used within an immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections followed by light microscopy visualization to aid tumor diagnosis. The antibody may be used manually or with any automated staining platform. Authorized and skilled personnel may only use the product. The clinical interpretation of any test results should be evaluated within the context of the patient’s medical history and other diagnostic laboratory test results. A qualified pathologist must perform evaluation.

PSA is a glycoprotein enzyme that is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. PSA is produced for the ejaculate, where it liquefies semen in the seminal coagulum and allows sperm to swim freely. It is also believed to be instrumental in dissolving cervical mucus, allowing the entry of sperm into the uterus. PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of men with healthy prostates but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate disorders. It is not uniquely an indicator of prostate cancer but may also detect prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

AMACR is an important enzyme for the b-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. High expression of the AMACR protein is found in prostate cancer (88-94%), but not in normal prostate and benign prostate diseases. The expression of AMACR is also detected in premalignant lesions of the prostate, in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) the positive rate of AMACR ranges from 13-72%. The p63 protein, a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53, is highly expressed in the basal or precursor layer of many epithelial tissues. p63 is detected in the basal cells of the prostate in normal prostate glands and PIN. Prostate adenocarcinoma is almost always negative for p63. The combination of AMACR and p63 can be extremely useful in the diagnosis of PIN and small focus adenocarcinomas, especially in difficult cases and cases with limited tissue. AMACR stains the cytoplasm of prostate adenocarcinomas and PIN, while p63 stains the basal cell nuclei of PIN and benign prostate glands.

PTEN is a phosphoinositide3-phosphatase and is identified as a tumor suppressor that is mutated in a large number of cancers at high frequency. PTEN contains a tensin-like domain as well as a catalytic domain similar to that of the dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases. Expression is found at a relatively high levels in all adult tissues including heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, muscle, kidney, and pancreas.

Podoplanin is a type-I integral membrane glycoprotein that is selectively expressed in lymphatic endothelium. The exact molecular function of podoplanin in the lymphatic endothelium has remained unclear. This antibody detects lymphangiomas, Kaposi sarcomas and a subset of angiosarcomas with probable lymphatic differentiation.

PAX2 is a transcription factor that is strongly expressed during kidney development, in the metanephric mesenchyma after ureter bud induction and is a key factor for the mesenchyma-epithelium conversion, in renal carcinoma cell lines and, in papillary renal cell carcinoma, and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas.

PAX5 is a transcription factor and important regulator in early development. Alterations in the expression of PAX5 gene are thought to contribute to neoplastic transformation. The PAX5 gene encodes the B-cell lineage specific activator protein (BSAP) that is expressed at early, but not late stages of B-cell differentiation. Its expression has also been detected in developing CNS and testis, therefore, PAX5 gene product may not only play an important role in B-cell differentiation, but also in neural development and spermatogenesis.

Anti-human antibody for in vitro diagnostic use. The primary antibody is intended for the qualitative detection of associated antigens as listed in the section ‘Summary and explanation’. It is intended to be used within an immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections followed by light microscopy visualization to aid tumor diagnosis. The antibody may be used manually or with any automated staining platform.
Authorized and skilled personnel may only use the product. The clinical interpretation of any test results should be evaluated within the context of the patient’s medical history and other diagnostic laboratory test results. A qualified pathologist must perform evaluation.

Synaptophysin is an integral transmembrane protein with four transmembrane domains. The Protein plays a role in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles in mammalian central neurons. It is present in all neurons, all types of pancreastic islet cells and paraganglia cells. Additional, it is expressed in almost all neuroendocrine neoplasms. Synaptophysin is helpful for the detection of tumors with neuronal and neuroendocrine differentiation.

STAT family consists of seven genes, STAT1 to STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6, that are involved in regulating cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and the immune system response. STAT6 is a transcription factor that carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. It is involved in interleukin-4 signaling and seems to play an important role in cancer. STAT6 has been found to form recurrent fusions with NAB2 on chromosome 12q13 in the majority of solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) excluding meningiomas, hemangioblastomas, schwannomas, and hemangiomas. The fusion enables cytosolic STAT6 to migrate to the nucleus. The detection of nuclear relocation of STAT6 with immunohistochemistry is a characteristic of SFTs and may serve as a diagnostic marker that indicates NAB2 STAT6 fusion.