دسته: مونوکلونال

CD34 is a single-pass type I transmembrane glycoprotein and functions as a cell to cell adhesion factor. It is expressed on endothelial cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, fibroblasts and other stromal components. The protein is thought to mediate the stem cell attachment to the bone marrow, ECM or stromal cells. CD34 is a known marker for quantifying and purifying hematopoietic progenitor cells. In identification of tumors with endothelial or lymphoid differentiation CD34 plays a useful role. It also supports in detection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

CD56, also known as neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), is a part of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion molecules and mediates homophilic interactions through its extracellular region. It is used as a marker fordetection of T-LGL (T-Large Granular Lymphocyte) lymphoproliferative disorders and NK cells. CD56 is also known as a marker of neural lineage due to its discovery site. For example, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma or small cell carcinoma of lung are CD56-positive. [1-6]

Chromogranin A is a member of the granin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins and is located in secretory vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells. It regulates function of secretory granula, is involved in hormone processing and secretion, and is disassembled to biologically active peptides.
Chromogranin A is the most important and most common granin in neuroendocrine tumors. Antibody Chromogranin A is the single most specific marker for such tumors including anterior pituitary, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, thyroid and lung as well as neuronal tumors and merkel cell carcinomas. Co-expression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Calretinin is a calcium binding protein abundantly expressed in neurons. Outside the nervous system, calretinin is found in mesothelial cells, steroid producing cells, testicular Sertoli cells, rete testis, ovarian surface epithelium, some neuroendocrine cells, breast glands, eccrine sweat glands, hair follicular cells, thymic epithelial cells, endometrial stromal cells and fat cells.

CD171 (Cluster of Differentiation), also known as L1 cell adhesion molecule isoform 1 precursor (L1CAM), is a transmembrane protein and a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. This cell adhesion molecule has an important role in the development of the nervous system, including neuronal migration and differentiation.CD171 is involved in neuron-neuron adhesion, neurite fasciculation, outgrowth of neuritis, and others.

Caldesmon is a regulatory protein that interacts with actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin. It is found in smooth muscle and other tissues. Caldesmon is useful to distinguish smooth muscle and it is more specific than desmin and muscle specific actin. Caldesmon antibody is a marker to identify epitheloid mesothelioma and it can be used to differentiate uterus leiomyoma from endometrial stroma tumor.

CD31 is an integral membrane glycoprotein located on the surface of endothelial cells, platelets and some hematopoietic cells. It plays a key role in removing aged neutrophils from the body. CD31 is often used as an endothelial cell marker. The antibody recognizes cells from arteries, arterioles, venules, veins, non-sinusoidal capillaries of various tissues as well as tumors of endothelial origin and vascular invasions of tumors. CD31 reacts with normal, benign and malignant endothelial cells that form the lining of the blood vessels. The extent of CD31 expression can help determine the degree of tumor angiogenesis.

Keratins are cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins expressed by epithelial cells. Cytokeratin 14 is a type I keratin that is found in basal cells of squamous epithelia, some glandular epithelia, myoepithelium and mesothelial cells in various tissues including prostate and breast. A cocktail of CK14, its corresponding partner CK5 and p63 is useful to detect the basal-like phenotype of breast carcinoma and to differentiate normal and prostate cancer.

CD138, also known as syndecan-1, is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan and is a member of the syndecan proteoglycan family, which mediate cell binding, cell signaling and cytoskeletal organization. The syndecan 1 protein participates in cell proliferation, cell migration and cell-matrix interactions. This antibody is a useful marker for labeling normal mature plasma cells and early pre B-cells, while other haematolymphoid cells are negative. Various types of epithelial cells are also CD138 positive. Among haematolymphoid neoplasms, CD138 is expressed in practically all cases of plasma cell malignancies. Among non-haematolymphoid neoplasms, the expression of CD138 is found in various types of carcinomas.

CD45, also known as leucocyte common antigen, is a transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase, which is found in almost all hematolymphoid cells including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophage and granulocytes. This antibody recognizes hematolymphoid neoplasms/tumors, it is non-reactive with some lymphoid neoplasms like Hodgkin’s disease, some T-cell lymphoma and some leukemias.CD45 is an important marker in the primary tumor screening panel in order to identify hematolymphoid differentiation. Loss of CD45 in precursor B-cell neoplasmsis a negative prognostic parameter.

CD5, also known as Lymphocyte Antigen T1/Leu-1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in regulation of Tcell proliferation. CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that is also found on a subset of B cells, but not on the majority of peripheral blood B cells. Furthermore, T cell malignancies, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma(SLL) and mantle-cell lymphomas are CD5 positive.

CD30 is a cell membrane protein, that regulates activation of NF-kappa B and apoptosis. It is expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin’s disease. CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)superfamily, which comprises more than 10 different members. CD30 has an extra cytoplasmic domain, transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic domain. The protein is heavily glycosylated within the Golgi apparatus(120 kDa). This antibody detects Hodgkin‘s lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, primary cutaneousCD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and embryonal carcinomas.