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There are four human SALL proteins (SALL1, 2, 3, and 4) with structural homology and playing diverse roles in embryonic development, kidney function, and cancer. SALL4 is a transcription factor. Its expression is low to undetectable in most adult tissues with the exception of germ cells and human blood progenitor cells. However, it is reactivated and mis regulated in various cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia, B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, germ cell tumors, gastric cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, and glioma. Often, SALL4 expression is correlated with worse survival and poor prognosis such as in HCC, or with metastasis such as in endometrial cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Synaptophysin is an integral transmembrane protein with four transmembrane domains. The Protein plays a role in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles in mammalian central neurons. It is present in all neurons, all types of pancreastic islet cells and paraganglia cells. Additional, it is expressed in almost all neuroendocrine neoplasms. Synaptophysin is helpful for the detection of tumors with neuronal and neuroendocrine differentiation.

STAT family consists of seven genes, STAT1 to STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6, that are involved in regulating cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and the immune system response. STAT6 is a transcription factor that carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. It is involved in interleukin-4 signaling and seems to play an important role in cancer. STAT6 has been found to form recurrent fusions with NAB2 on chromosome 12q13 in the majority of solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) excluding meningiomas, hemangioblastomas, schwannomas, and hemangiomas. The fusion enables cytosolic STAT6 to migrate to the nucleus. The detection of nuclear relocation of STAT6 with immunohistochemistry is a characteristic of SFTs and may serve as a diagnostic marker that indicates NAB2 STAT6 fusion.

TdT (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) is a specialized DNA polymerase that adds N-nucleotides to the V, D, and J exons during antibody gene recombination enabling junctional diversity.
It is expressed in immature, pre-B, pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) cells, it is not expressed in pre-B-Cell ALL and normal mature T-or B-lymphocytes. Anti-TdT is positive for approximately one third of all cases of chronic myeloid leukemia, making it a good indicator of better response to chemotherapy. TdT is also present in malignant tumors of lymphoblastic lineage and thymoma. It is a sensitive and specific marker for lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia.

TRPS1 (Transcriptional Repressor GATA Binding 1) is a nuclear transcription factor protein that mainly acts as a transcriptional repressor. It plays a critical role in the development of cartilage, bone and hair follicle. TRPS1 is highly expressed in breast epithelial tissues functioning as an essential regulator for the growth and differentiation of normal mammary epithelial cells.

TRPS1 is involved in the development of breast cancer and is required for breast cancer cell survival. Positive expression is found in >90% of breast cancer cases. Therefore, anti-TRPS1 is increasingly used in IHC to determine breast cancer subtype and evaluate tumor biology.

Pan-TRK is a marker for the proteins Trk A, B and C. Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK) is a family of 3 proto-oncogenes including NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 which encode Trk A, Trk B, and Trk C proteins, respectively. The latter are involved in biological processes such as neuronal survival, differentiation, and plasticity under physiological circumstances. In various cancers, oncogenic fusions involving the kinase domain of NTRK1, 2, or 3 are present. Recently, detecting NTRK fusions has become increasingly important as Trk inhibitors have a high response rate for patients with NTRK fusions. Specific staining patterns appear to correlate with the subcellular localization of the fusion partners.

Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) is a transcription factor, which plays a role in the development of the urogenital system. Wilms tumor is the most common pediatric kidney cancer. WT1was found in a broad range of adult tumor types, including those derived from mesenchymal, epithelial, neuronal and hematopoietic tissue. The antibody can identify malignant mesothelioma and has been detected in carcinomas of breast, leukemia, ovarian and peritoneal serous carcinoma. WT1 is also used to distinguish desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCT) from other small round cell tumors.

INSM1, also known as Insulinoma-Associated Protein 1, is a zinc finger transcription factor that plays a crucial role in neuroendocrine differentiation. Expression is found in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body. INSM1 is found in the majority of neuroendocrine neoplasms and is used as nuclear marker of neuroendocrine differentiation. INSM1 is expressed in a broad spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors (including small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor/carcinoid tumor of various sites). Anti-INSM1 can be used for differentiation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (100%) from pancreatic adenocarcinoma (0%). In lung, INSM1 is found in 95% of small cell carcinoma, in 91% of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and in about 3% of adenocarcinoma.

Claudin 18 belongs to the claudin family of transmembrane proteins. As a component of tight junctions, claudins are involved in the regulation of permeability, barrier function, and polarity of epithelial layers. CLDN18.1 is the dominant isoform in normal and malignant lung tissue. CLDN18.2 is the dominant isoform in normal gastric tissue and is often retained in malignant transformation. Therefore, CLDN18.2 is a highly selective biomarker with frequent abnormal expression during the occurrence and development of various primary malignant tumors, including gastric cancer (GC) and esophago gastric junction adenocarcinomas (EGJA). According to literature CLDN18.2 is known to be expressed in about 77% of GC and about 78% of EGJA. About 38% of GC/EGJA demonstrated ≥75% of tumor cells with moderate-to-strong membranous CLDN18 staining.