immunohistochemistry

Name: Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) Antibody (Clone MUC5AC, MD-19 also known as MRQ-19)

Description and applications: Mucins are glycoproteins of high molecular weight linked to oligosaccharides in the threonine or serine wastes by glycosidic bonds produced by different epithelial cells. In humans, at least 14 genes coding for mucins have been identified (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUC8, MUC9, MUC11, MUC12, MUC13 and MUC16). Mucins are classified as follows: Membrane-bound mucins (MUC1, MUC3, MUC4, MUC12 and MUC16), secreted mucins forming gel-like secretion (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6) and secreted soluble mucin (MUC7). Mucins are the main component of the mucous membrane that protects the gastric mucosa from the chemical and mechanical insults. This antibody reacts with the mucin 5AC. MUC5AC isthe glycoprotein secreted forming gel-like secretions expressed by the gastric epithelium and the respiratory tract. The distribution of the expression of the mucins is heterogeneous MUC1 (stomach and pancreas), MUC2 (small and large intestine), MUC4 (stomach), MUC5AC (stomach) and MUC6 (stomach, small intestine and pancreas). MUC5AC is expressed in apical rim in normal cells and also in the lateral edges of the cytoplasmic membrane and intracytoplasmically in carcinomas of different tissues. MUC5AC is expressed in normal gastric epithelium in the cardia, fundus and pyloric antrum. Barrett’s esophagus shows positivity for this mucin; MUC5AC is not expressed in the small intestine, large intestine nor pancreas. In neoplastic tissues, it is expressed in pancreatic, colon and appendix adenocarcinomas, extramammary Paget’s disease Colloid carcinomas of the breast nor cholangiocarcinomas in general do not express MUC5AC. The mucin expression pattern in tumors has been associated with the tumor location, the biological insult and the infiltration capacity of some neoplasias.

Composition: Anti-human Mucin 5AC mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: Mucin 2 (MUC-2) Antibody (Clone Ccp58)

Description and applications: Secreted epithelial mucins are large macromolecules which exhibit extreme polydispersity. Mucin 2 is the major intestinal mucin. O-glycans are attached to MUC2 in a potentially diverse arrangement, which is crucial for their interaction with endogeneous and exogeneous lectins. MUC2 is expressed in glandular epithelium (goblet cells) of normal small and large intestine, Barrett’s esophagus and breast glandular epithelium; it is not expressed in stomach or pancreas. In neoplastic tissues the pattern of mucins expression in tumours has been associated with tumor location, the biological aggressiveness and the infiltration capacity of certain malignancies. MUC2 is expressed by colon and appendix signet ring adenocarcinomas, breast colloid carcinoma, Paget’s disease of the breast and prostate carcinoma. It is not expresses by endometrial carcinomas, the non-mucinous breast or pancreatobiliary carcinomas.

Composition: anti-human MUC-2 mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: Anti-Mucin 6 (MUC6) Antibody (Clone MRQ-20)

Description and aplications: Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins produced by epithelial cells. In humans, at least 14 genes encoding mucin has been identified (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUC8, MUC9, MUC11, MUC12, MUC13 and MUC16). Mucins are classified as membrane associated (MUC1, MUC3, MUC4, MUC12 and MUC16), secreted mucins forming gels (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6), or soluble secreted mucin (MUC7). Mucins are the major component of the mucus layer which protects against chemical and mechanical gastric mucosa aggression. MUC6 is expressed in the normal gastric epithelium of the pyloric antrum, in Brüner duodenal glands, small intestine, and pancreas; MUC6 is not expressed in ducts or acini of normal breasts or Barrett’s esophagus. In neoplastic tissues MUC6 is expressed in colloidal breast carcinomas. Breast carcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas do not express MUC6. The pattern of mucin expression in tumors has been associated with tumor location, the biological aggressiveness, and the infiltration capacity of certain malignancies.

Composition: anti-MUC-6 mouse monoclonal antibody obtained from supernatant culture and prediluted in a tris buffered solution pH 7.4 containing 0.375mM sodium azide solution as bacteriostatic and bactericidal.

Name: Lambda light chain Antibody (Clone EP172)

Description and applications: Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. There are two types of light chains designated as kappa and lambda. The gene rearrangement process that generates the immunoglobulin molecule results in either a productive kappa or lambda gene. The mechanics of the rearrangement process normally produce approximately twice as many kappa-bearing cells as lambda. However this ratio is lost during malignant transformation. The kappa light chain antibody labels kappa light chain expressing B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Other cells may also express kappa light chain due to nonspecific uptake of immunoglobulin.

Composition: anti-human Lambda light chain rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: Kappa light chain Antibody (Clone EP171)

Description and applications: Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. There are two types of light chains designated as kappa and lambda. The gene rearrangement process that generates the immunoglobulin molecule results in either a productive kappa or lambda gene. The mechanics of the rearrangement process normally produce approximately twice as many kappa-bearing cells as lambda. However this ratio is lost during malignant transformation. The kappa light chain antibody labels kappa light chain expressing B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Other cells may also express kappa light chain due to nonspecific uptake of immunoglobulin. Individual B cells express either kappa or lambda light chains. Monoclonality is generally assumed to be evidence of a malignant proliferation. The pairing of an antilambda with a kappa light chain antibody is useful for identifying monoclonality of lymphoid malignancies.

Composition: anti-human Kappa light chain rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: Rabbit anti-human p53 Monoclonal Antibody

Description and applications: p53 is a tumour suppressor gene expressed in a wide variety of tissue types and is involved in regulating cell growth, replication, and apoptosis. The p53 gene is located on chromosome 17p, a frequent location in the loss of alleles in many tumors such as lung, colon, breast and brain. p53 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In colon tumors, the p53 protein is expressed in 47% of cancers and only 9% of adenomas. In addition, p53 mutations are associated with a large number of malignant tumors, including ovarian, bladder and melanomas.

Composition: anti-human p53 rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from ascites. Prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Immunogen: Recombinant human full length wild type p53 protein

Name: PTEN Antibody (Clone 6H2.1)

Description and aplications: The antibody recognizes a protein fraction of 403 amino acids encoded by the PTEN gene located on chromosome 10q23.3 region. PTEN protein acts as a dual specificity phosphatase. On one hand, it dephosphorylates the phosphorylated proteins in tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues and on the other hand, it acts as a lipid phosphatase removing the phosphate group of the D3 position of the inositol ring in phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol-3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, and inositol 1,3,4,5- tetrakisfosfato. This last feature is critical to act as a tumor suppressor through the negative regulation of the signaling pathway PI3K-AKT / PKB. This latter controls cell cycle progression, the tissue development, cell migration, and inhibition of apoptosis. In this signaling pathway, PTEN antagonistic effect on PI3K-AKT / PKB also maintains the stability of p53. PTEN also controls other cell cycle proteins such as p27, p130, myc, and cyclin D1. PTEN gene mutations induce alterations in the functioning of cells in a manner that the loss of PTEN protein expression is associated with tumor genesis, cancer progression, and cancer-resistance to different
treatments. Due to its role in cell growth, the vast majority of normal tissues express high amount of the PTEN protein. The loss of PTEN protein expression was observed in some malignancies associated with abnormalities in the PTEN gene. These abnormalities
can be monoallelic (gliomas and carcinomas of breast, prostate, lung, and colon) or biallelic (endometrial carcinomas, prostate and breast cancer, or glioblastoma multiforme). There are also some genetic diseases with alterations of germinal type in the PTEN gene like Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Lhermitte-Duclos disease and a subgroup of patients with Proteus syndrome. Somatic mutations of PTEN with loss of protein expression present variable incidences although they are often observed in sporadic endometrial carcinomas and in glioblastoma multiforme. These mutations are usually related to the histological grade of the tumor and are considered poor prognostic factors. Loss of PTEN expression is also a prognostic factor in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), tumors of the salivary glands, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinomas, etc. In addition to being a prognostic factor, PTEN antibody immunostaining acts as a predictive indicator of the response to therapy using chemotherapeutic agents aimed at molecular targets. Controversial results obtained with the PTEN antibody are apparently related to the antibody clone used and/or tissue fixation issues. The only clone with reproducible results in the diagnosis of paraffin embedded samples, especially in endometrial adenocarcinomas and their precursor lesions, is the 6H2.1. However, superior results are always obtained in excisional biopsy or curettage samples in comparison with immunostaining of hysterectomies samples, where fixing is usually worse. In this sense and to mitigate immunostaining loss it is recommended to use freshly obtained serial sections of the sample.

Composition: anti-PTEN mouse monoclonal antibody obtained from supernatant culture and prediluted in a tris buffered solution pH 7.4 containing 0.375mM sodium azide solution as bacteriostatic and bactericidal.

Name: Mouse anti-human p57kip2 Monoclonal Antibody

Description and applications: p57Kip2 (or CDKN1C) is a potent tight-binding inhibitor of several G1 cyclin complexes, and is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. The gene encoding human p57Kip2 is located on chromosome 11p15.5, a region implicated in both sporadic cancers, Wilm’s tumor, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a cancer syndrome, making it a tumor suppressor candidate. BWS is characterized by numerous growth abnormalities and an increased risk of childhood tumors. Several types of childhood tumors including Wilms’ tumor, adrenocortical carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma display a specific loss of maternal 11p15 alleles, suggesting that genomic imprinting plays an important part. This region also contains two other imprinted genes, insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and H19, both of which seem to be implicated in adrenal neoplasms. The practical use of p57kip2 antibody resides in the differential diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole (comprised solely of paternal DNA and consequently with lack of nuclear expression in the cytotrophoblast and villous stromal cells), the incomplete hydatidiform mole (triploid) and edematous abortion. Extravillous trophoblastic islets, maternal decidua and stromal cells of the villi serve as internal controls in all three entities. The syncytiotrophoblast is negative in all cases.

Composition: anti-human p57kip2 mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Intended use : Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin embedded tissues. Not tested on frozen tissues or Western-Blotting

Immunogen: Recombinant human p57Kip2 protein.

Name: Antibody Retinoblastoma clone same as Rb1) 1F8

Description and applications: Rb is a tumor suppressor nuclear phosphoprotein capable of binding to DNA. It is phosphorylated on serine and threonine, but not on tyrosine residues. It forms a complex with SV40 large T antigen, adenovirus E1A and human papilloma virus-16 E. Rb protein may act by regulating transcription and loss of its function leads to uncontrolled cell growth. 90% of neoplasias express moderately or intensely pRb (carcinomas of the breast, colon, stomach, endometrium, head and neck, lung, neuroendocrine, gliomas, lymphomas, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, kidney, urothelial, cutaneous and thyroid). The alteration of the Rb gene with the absence of nuclear expression of pRb has been demonstrated in some human tumors, including retinoblastoma, breast carcinoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer and some sarcomas.

Composition: Anti-human Retinoblastoma mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Name: Antibody S100 Protein clone 4C4.9

Description and aplications:
S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin and troponin C. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S100 protein is also expressed in the antigen presenting cells such as the Langerhans cells in skin and interdigitating reticulum cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes. The S100 antibody staines schwannomas, ependymomas, astrogliomas, most melanomas and their metastases. It is also characteristic in adipose and chondroid tissue benign and malignant neoplasms. It can also be used as a myoepithelial marker for breast pathology diagnostic. Therefore, this antibody is useful for the identification of malignant melanomas, neuroectodermal, adipocytic and chondroid tumors. This antibody has a cross-reactivity with smooth muscle fibers that can be visible in some occasions.

Composition: anti-human S100 Mouse monoclonal antibody purified from ascites. Prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Name:Antibody S100-Beta Protein clone SP127

Description and applications: S100 proteins are a set of 25 small acidic molecules with a molecular mass of 10-12 kDa that are functionally grouped into homo or heterodimers composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, capable of combining with each other and with extensive sequence homology. There exist up to 14 variants of the alpha chain gene, which is located on chromosome 1q21; on the contrary, there is only one sequence of the beta chain gene, located on chromosome 21q22.3, showing its greater functional specificity. In its dimeric form, the S100 protein, together with calmodulin and troponin C, belongs to the calcium binding protein family; its affinity for this ion, as well as for other metals such as zinc, is remarkable. It is for this reason that the S100 protein is involved in basic cellular activities such as cation diffusion across lipid membranes, microtubule assembly, and RNA polymerase activity. In neurons, the S100 protein also regulates the interaction between chromosomes and synaptosomes. Depending on the combination between the alpha and beta single chains to form dimers and the homology of their sequences, there exist three forms of S-100 protein: A, with at least 15 subtypes between A1 and A14, B, and G. The S100-B protein is a 21-kDa beta-chain homodimer involved in the regulation of numerous processes that require calcium ion flow stimulation. The S100-B protein is present in neurons, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells and satellite cells of the peripheral nervous system (but not perineural cells), melanocytes, myoepithelial cells, glandular epithelia of the breast and the kidney, skeletal muscle and heart cells, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. This molecule is also expressed in antigen-presenting cells such as Langerhans cells of the skin, and interdigitating dendritic cells in the T-cell areas of lymphoid tissue. In contrast, the S100-B protein is not present in smooth muscle fibres. In neoplasms, the S100-B protein is highly expressed in tumours of the central and peripheral nervous systems and in melanomas, including desmoplastic melanoma. However, up to 4% of melanomas may be negative against this antibody, suggesting the need to assess this staining within a minimal panel of antimelanoma antibodies that at least includes the HMB45 and Melan A markers. Likewise and in comparison with primary lesions, some loss of expression of the S100-B protein has been observed in metastatic melanoma lesions. The S100-B protein is also useful in the diagnosis of tumours derived from cartilage, adipose tissue, and interdigitating reticular cells in lymphoid tissue, as well as granular cell peripheral nerve sheath tumours, myoepithelial tumours, paragangliomas (sustentacular cells), PEComas, Rosai-Dorfman disease, clear cell sarcoma, chordoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and isolated cases of synovial sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Atypical fibroxanthomas, cardiac sarcomas, myofibroblastomas, xanthomas, and solitary fibrous tumours are all negative for S100-B. Finally, altered overexpression of the beta-chain gene with S100-B protein overexpression may be found in the basis of some of the lesions observed in various types of neurological and genetic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21), epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and type I diabetes, in which an excess of the S100-B protein has a potential neurotoxic effect. In this sense, several tests have been developed for serum determination of this cell damage marker in these patients.

Composition: Anti-human S100-Beta Protein rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide