Category: monoclonal

Name: Lambda light chain Antibody (Clone EP172)

Description and applications: Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. There are two types of light chains designated as kappa and lambda. The gene rearrangement process that generates the immunoglobulin molecule results in either a productive kappa or lambda gene. The mechanics of the rearrangement process normally produce approximately twice as many kappa-bearing cells as lambda. However this ratio is lost during malignant transformation. The kappa light chain antibody labels kappa light chain expressing B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Other cells may also express kappa light chain due to nonspecific uptake of immunoglobulin.

Composition: anti-human Lambda light chain rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: Kappa light chain Antibody (Clone EP171)

Description and applications: Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. There are two types of light chains designated as kappa and lambda. The gene rearrangement process that generates the immunoglobulin molecule results in either a productive kappa or lambda gene. The mechanics of the rearrangement process normally produce approximately twice as many kappa-bearing cells as lambda. However this ratio is lost during malignant transformation. The kappa light chain antibody labels kappa light chain expressing B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Other cells may also express kappa light chain due to nonspecific uptake of immunoglobulin. Individual B cells express either kappa or lambda light chains. Monoclonality is generally assumed to be evidence of a malignant proliferation. The pairing of an antilambda with a kappa light chain antibody is useful for identifying monoclonality of lymphoid malignancies.

Composition: anti-human Kappa light chain rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: P16 INK4A Antibody-Clone MX007

Description and applications: As one of the cyclindependent kinase inhibitors that inhibit cylcindependent kinases 4 and 6, p16 INK4A is encoded by tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A. The tumor suppressor p16 INK4A plays an important role in cell cycle regulation. Increased expression of the p16 gene, which is seen as organisms ages, reduces the proliferation of stem cells. This reduction in the division and production of stem cells protects against cancer while increasing the risks associated with cellular senescence. Mutations in the p16 gene associated with loss or over expression of the protein are associated with increased risk of a wide range of cancers and cancer precursor lesions. The immunohistochemical identification of p16 is particularly relevant in uterine cervical lesions. Development of dysplasia is closely related to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Although the frequency of p16INK4a abnormalities is higher in tumor-derived cell lines than in unselected primary tumors, significant subsets of clinical cases with aberrant p16INK4a gene have been reported among melanomas, gliomas, esophageal, pancreatic, lung, and urinary bladder carcinomas, and some types of leukemia.

Composition: anti-human p16INK4A mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide.

Name: PTEN Antibody (Clone 6H2.1)

Description and aplications: The antibody recognizes a protein fraction of 403 amino acids encoded by the PTEN gene located on chromosome 10q23.3 region. PTEN protein acts as a dual specificity phosphatase. On one hand, it dephosphorylates the phosphorylated proteins in tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues and on the other hand, it acts as a lipid phosphatase removing the phosphate group of the D3 position of the inositol ring in phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol-3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, and inositol 1,3,4,5- tetrakisfosfato. This last feature is critical to act as a tumor suppressor through the negative regulation of the signaling pathway PI3K-AKT / PKB. This latter controls cell cycle progression, the tissue development, cell migration, and inhibition of apoptosis. In this signaling pathway, PTEN antagonistic effect on PI3K-AKT / PKB also maintains the stability of p53. PTEN also controls other cell cycle proteins such as p27, p130, myc, and cyclin D1. PTEN gene mutations induce alterations in the functioning of cells in a manner that the loss of PTEN protein expression is associated with tumor genesis, cancer progression, and cancer-resistance to different
treatments. Due to its role in cell growth, the vast majority of normal tissues express high amount of the PTEN protein. The loss of PTEN protein expression was observed in some malignancies associated with abnormalities in the PTEN gene. These abnormalities
can be monoallelic (gliomas and carcinomas of breast, prostate, lung, and colon) or biallelic (endometrial carcinomas, prostate and breast cancer, or glioblastoma multiforme). There are also some genetic diseases with alterations of germinal type in the PTEN gene like Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Lhermitte-Duclos disease and a subgroup of patients with Proteus syndrome. Somatic mutations of PTEN with loss of protein expression present variable incidences although they are often observed in sporadic endometrial carcinomas and in glioblastoma multiforme. These mutations are usually related to the histological grade of the tumor and are considered poor prognostic factors. Loss of PTEN expression is also a prognostic factor in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), tumors of the salivary glands, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinomas, etc. In addition to being a prognostic factor, PTEN antibody immunostaining acts as a predictive indicator of the response to therapy using chemotherapeutic agents aimed at molecular targets. Controversial results obtained with the PTEN antibody are apparently related to the antibody clone used and/or tissue fixation issues. The only clone with reproducible results in the diagnosis of paraffin embedded samples, especially in endometrial adenocarcinomas and their precursor lesions, is the 6H2.1. However, superior results are always obtained in excisional biopsy or curettage samples in comparison with immunostaining of hysterectomies samples, where fixing is usually worse. In this sense and to mitigate immunostaining loss it is recommended to use freshly obtained serial sections of the sample.

Composition: anti-PTEN mouse monoclonal antibody obtained from supernatant culture and prediluted in a tris buffered solution pH 7.4 containing 0.375mM sodium azide solution as bacteriostatic and bactericidal.

Name: Mouse anti-human p57kip2 Monoclonal Antibody

Description and applications: p57Kip2 (or CDKN1C) is a potent tight-binding inhibitor of several G1 cyclin complexes, and is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. The gene encoding human p57Kip2 is located on chromosome 11p15.5, a region implicated in both sporadic cancers, Wilm’s tumor, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a cancer syndrome, making it a tumor suppressor candidate. BWS is characterized by numerous growth abnormalities and an increased risk of childhood tumors. Several types of childhood tumors including Wilms’ tumor, adrenocortical carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma display a specific loss of maternal 11p15 alleles, suggesting that genomic imprinting plays an important part. This region also contains two other imprinted genes, insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and H19, both of which seem to be implicated in adrenal neoplasms. The practical use of p57kip2 antibody resides in the differential diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole (comprised solely of paternal DNA and consequently with lack of nuclear expression in the cytotrophoblast and villous stromal cells), the incomplete hydatidiform mole (triploid) and edematous abortion. Extravillous trophoblastic islets, maternal decidua and stromal cells of the villi serve as internal controls in all three entities. The syncytiotrophoblast is negative in all cases.

Composition: anti-human p57kip2 mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Intended use : Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin embedded tissues. Not tested on frozen tissues or Western-Blotting

Immunogen: Recombinant human p57Kip2 protein.

Name: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) clone 77/78

Description and aplications: The PTH is a major regulator of serum calcium and is essential for life, unlike calcitonin , which acts as a complementary regulatory mechanism . Chromophobe cells responsible for the secretion of PTH, are the most abundant in the gland. This antibody is useful for immunohistochemical detection of parathyroid hormone, and used in conjunction with antibodies to thyroglobulin allows the differential diagnosis of lesions of thyroid and parathyroid origin .

Composition: anti- parathyroid hormone (PTH) mouse monoclonal antibody obtained from supernatant culture and prediluted in a tris buffered solution pH 7.4 containing 0.375mM sodium azide solution as bacteriostatic and bactericidal. The quantity of the active antibody was not determined.

Name: Antibody S100 Protein clone 4C4.9

Description and aplications:
S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin and troponin C. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S100 protein is also expressed in the antigen presenting cells such as the Langerhans cells in skin and interdigitating reticulum cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes. The S100 antibody staines schwannomas, ependymomas, astrogliomas, most melanomas and their metastases. It is also characteristic in adipose and chondroid tissue benign and malignant neoplasms. It can also be used as a myoepithelial marker for breast pathology diagnostic. Therefore, this antibody is useful for the identification of malignant melanomas, neuroectodermal, adipocytic and chondroid tumors. This antibody has a cross-reactivity with smooth muscle fibers that can be visible in some occasions.

Composition: anti-human S100 Mouse monoclonal antibody purified from ascites. Prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Name:Antibody S100-Beta Protein clone SP127

Description and applications: S100 proteins are a set of 25 small acidic molecules with a molecular mass of 10-12 kDa that are functionally grouped into homo or heterodimers composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, capable of combining with each other and with extensive sequence homology. There exist up to 14 variants of the alpha chain gene, which is located on chromosome 1q21; on the contrary, there is only one sequence of the beta chain gene, located on chromosome 21q22.3, showing its greater functional specificity. In its dimeric form, the S100 protein, together with calmodulin and troponin C, belongs to the calcium binding protein family; its affinity for this ion, as well as for other metals such as zinc, is remarkable. It is for this reason that the S100 protein is involved in basic cellular activities such as cation diffusion across lipid membranes, microtubule assembly, and RNA polymerase activity. In neurons, the S100 protein also regulates the interaction between chromosomes and synaptosomes. Depending on the combination between the alpha and beta single chains to form dimers and the homology of their sequences, there exist three forms of S-100 protein: A, with at least 15 subtypes between A1 and A14, B, and G. The S100-B protein is a 21-kDa beta-chain homodimer involved in the regulation of numerous processes that require calcium ion flow stimulation. The S100-B protein is present in neurons, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells and satellite cells of the peripheral nervous system (but not perineural cells), melanocytes, myoepithelial cells, glandular epithelia of the breast and the kidney, skeletal muscle and heart cells, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. This molecule is also expressed in antigen-presenting cells such as Langerhans cells of the skin, and interdigitating dendritic cells in the T-cell areas of lymphoid tissue. In contrast, the S100-B protein is not present in smooth muscle fibres. In neoplasms, the S100-B protein is highly expressed in tumours of the central and peripheral nervous systems and in melanomas, including desmoplastic melanoma. However, up to 4% of melanomas may be negative against this antibody, suggesting the need to assess this staining within a minimal panel of antimelanoma antibodies that at least includes the HMB45 and Melan A markers. Likewise and in comparison with primary lesions, some loss of expression of the S100-B protein has been observed in metastatic melanoma lesions. The S100-B protein is also useful in the diagnosis of tumours derived from cartilage, adipose tissue, and interdigitating reticular cells in lymphoid tissue, as well as granular cell peripheral nerve sheath tumours, myoepithelial tumours, paragangliomas (sustentacular cells), PEComas, Rosai-Dorfman disease, clear cell sarcoma, chordoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and isolated cases of synovial sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Atypical fibroxanthomas, cardiac sarcomas, myofibroblastomas, xanthomas, and solitary fibrous tumours are all negative for S100-B. Finally, altered overexpression of the beta-chain gene with S100-B protein overexpression may be found in the basis of some of the lesions observed in various types of neurological and genetic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21), epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and type I diabetes, in which an excess of the S100-B protein has a potential neurotoxic effect. In this sense, several tests have been developed for serum determination of this cell damage marker in these patients.

Composition: Anti-human S100-Beta Protein rabbit monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Name: Antibody Protein S100 clone 16/F5

Composition: Anti-human S100-P Protein mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Description and applications: The S100P protein, or placental S100, which is a member of the large S100 protein family, is involved in Ca2+ intracellular transport and, together with EZR and PPP5C proteins, participates in the formation of microvilli in epithelial cells and stimulates apocrine cell secretion. Unlike the genes of the other members of the S100 family of proteins, which co-localise in the 1q21 region, the S100P protein is encoded by the S100P gene, located in the 4p16 region. The 100 family of proteins is expressed in a wide range of cells, where it plays a role in cell cycle progression and in cell differentiation. The S100P molecule was initially identified in the human placenta at rather high levels. Pathologically, the antibody against the S100P protein has shown nuclear or nuclear/cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in almost all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, while it displays no staining in normal ducts and in pancreatic acini. In addition, the S100P protein has also been detected in virtually all pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, as well as in its microinvasive and diffusely invasive component, including tumours with perineural and lymphatic invasion. For both reasons, the antibody against the S100P protein is considered a useful tool for the differential diagnosis between reactive and neoplastic lesions of the pancreas. In the case of liver and bile ducts, the antibody also exhibits marked nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity in malignant lesions derived from bile ducts, while the benign epithelium derived from these tumours is negative. Similarly, detection of both S100P and GATA3 may help to distinguish urothelial carcinomas from other genitourinary neoplasms such as prostate cancers and renal cell carcinomas; in this case, however, and in contrast to what is observed in biliary and pancreatic ductal lesions, S100P expression can be detected in the normal urothelium. Finally, the anti-S100P antibody can be used as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung carcinomas, where S100P expression has been associated with frequent distant metastases and short survival.

Name:Antibody Skeletal Muscle Actin clone 5C5,F8,C7

Description and applications: 5C5.F8.C7 MAb is highly specific and shows no crossreaction with smooth muscle actin. This antibody reacts with sarcomeric actins of normal tissues and neoplasms derived from such tissues (i.e. rhabdomyosarcomas).

Composition: Anti-human Skeletal Muscle Actin mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Name: P62 Antibody clone LCK LIGAND 3/P62

Description and applications: This antibody recognises phosphotyrosine p62, a member of the c-src family of cytoplasmic kinases, which binds as a ligand to the SH2 domains of p56 (Lcr) in the absence of phosphotyrosine. p62/SQSTM1 is an adapter protein targeting the protein aggregates ubiquitinated by lysosomal degradation. p62/SQSTM1 is selectively degraded via the autophagic pathway. Mallory’s hyaline and intracellular hyaline bodies are associated with chronic non-neoplastic liver diseases (steatohepatitis, related or not to alcohol abuse; toxic or metabolic chronic cholestasis) and with neoplastic liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma. These inclusions are related to and contain keratin aggregates, especially keratin 8, ubiquitin, heat shock proteins, and the stress adaptor protein p62, stabilized by bonds catalysed by transglutaminases. P62 binds to ubiquitin and acts as an adaptor to bind ubiquitinated proteins. Autophagy is an evolutionary highly conserved degradative mechanism affecting the components of the cytoplasm that contributes to homoeostasis by making organelle replacement possible. Unlike the ubiquitin-proteosome system, the autophagy mechanism occurs in multiple steps that include the formation of the phagophore, which traps proteins and organelles for its degradation, and the autophagosome, which, through mechanisms involving cytoskeleton’s microtubules, fuses with lysosomes to form autolysosomes, where the material is eventually degraded. This antibody is useful for the identification of p62, found in Mallory’s hyaline and intracellular hyaline bodies present in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinomas. It is also useful to detect p62 in autophagic vacuoles present in various neurodegenerative, neoplastic infectious, and inflammatory neuromuscular diseases.

Composition: Anti-human P62 mouse monoclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide

Name: Mouse anti-human p63 Monoclonal Antibody clone 4A4

Description and aplications: p63, a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53, has been identified in basal cells in the epithelial layers of a variety of tissues, including epidermis, cervix, urothelium, breast and prostate. p63 was detected in nuclei of the basal epithelium in normal prostate glands; however, it was not expressed in malignant tumors of the prostate. As a result, p63 has been reported as a useful marker for differentiating benign from malignant lesions in the prostate, particularly when used in combination with markers of high molecular weight cytokeratins and the prostate-specific marker AMACR (P504S). p63 has also been shown to be a sensitive marker for lung squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC), with reported sensitivities of 80-100%. Specificity for lung SqCC, vs. lung adenocarcinoma, has been reported to be approximately 70-90%, as positive staining with p63 has been typically observed in 10-30% of lung adenocarcinomas cases. In breast tissue, p63 has been identified in myoepithelial cells of normal ducts. Reports have described the utility of p63 in a panel of IHC markers for the assessment of breast lesions, due to the differential expression of the luminal vs. basal and myoepithelial markers.

Composition: anti-human p63 mouse monoclonal antibody purified from ascites. Prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide